The Reusable Reentry Vehicle (RRV) was a crewed spacecraft proposed and partially developed by the now-defunct Excalibur Almaz, primarily targeting the space tourism market. RRV was built around surplus VA capsules purchased from the former Soviet Union. These capsules had originally been developed for the LK-1 lunar spacecraft; when that program was canceled the capsules were repurposed for the TKS spacecraft, which performed several test flights but was also cancelled before flying crew. Finally they were purchased by Excalibur Almaz, which replaced and modernized their interiors and adapted them for use on other launch vehicles, as well as for use with a station they planned to build based on surplus Almaz station hulls. The RRV was also bid for NASA's COTS program
The combined spacecraft consisted of the VA capsule itself, a forward module used for orbital maneuvering, and an aft module. Three configurations of aft module were proposed, for either large pressurized cargo volume, unpressurized cargo, or a simple docking adapter for pure-crew flights. Only the VA capsule would return to Earth, and be reused. EA partnered with Airbus to supply the cargo module (derived from ESA's Automated Transfer Vehicle), and legacy Russian suppliers for the nose module and abort tower
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