The pyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt.Part of a series on theHistory of EgyptAll Gizah Pyramids.jpgPrehistoric Egypt pre–3150 BCAncient EgyptEarly Dynastic Period 3150–2686 BCOld Kingdom 2686–2181 BC1st Intermediate Period 2181–2055 BCMiddle Kingdom 2055–1650 BC2nd Intermediate Period 1650–1550 BCNew Kingdom 1550–1069 BC3rd Intermediate Period 1069–744 BCKushite Egypt 744–656 BCTwenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 664–525 BCClassical antiquityAchaemenid Egypt 525–404 BCTwenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 404–398 BCTwenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398–380 BCThirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380–343 BCAchaemenid Egypt 343–332 BCMacedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332–30 BCRoman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC–641 ADSasanian Egypt 619–629Middle AgesRashidun Egypt 641–661Umayyad Egypt 661–750Abbasid Egypt 750–935Tulunid Egypt 868–905Ikhshidid Egypt 935–969Fatimid Egypt 969–1171Ayyubid Egypt 1171–1250Mamluk Egypt 1250–1517Early modernOttoman Egypt 1517–1867French occupation 1798–1801Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805–1882Khedivate of Egypt 1867–1914Modern EgyptBritish occupation 1882–1922Sultanate of Egypt 1914–1922Kingdom of Egypt 1922–1953Republic 1953–presentFlag of Egypt.svg Egypt portalvteDynasties of Ancient EgyptPredynasticProtodynasticEarly PeriodOld KingdomFirst Intermediate PeriodMiddle KingdomSecond Intermediate PeriodNew KingdomThird Intermediate PeriodFirst Persian PeriodLate PeriodSecond Persian PeriodPtolemaic PeriodvteAncient Egypt was a civilization of ancient North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in the place that is now the country Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology)[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer).[2] The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.
Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, ruling much of Nubia and a sizable portion of the Near East, after which it entered a period of slow decline. During the course of its history Egypt was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign powers, including the Hyksos, the Libyans, the Nubians, the Assyrians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians under the command of Alexander the Great. The Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom, formed in the aftermath of Alexander's death, ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra